Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.
When you’re being treated for HIV, it can be hard to tell whether a symptom is a side effect of Lamivudine/Zidovudine Hetero Europe, or other medicines you’re taking, or an effect of the HIV disease itself. So it is very important to talk to your doctor about any changes in your health.
As well as the side effects listed below for Lamivudine/Zidovudine Hetero Europe, other conditions can develop during combination therapy for HIV. It is important to read the information later in this section under ‘Other possible side effects of combination therapy for HIV’.
Very common side effects
These may affect more than 1 in 10 people:
- headache
- feeling sick (nausea)
Common side effects
These may affect up to 1 in 10 people:
- being sick (vomiting)
- diarrhoea
- stomach pains
- loss of appetite
- feeling dizzy
- tiredness, lack of energy
- fever (high temperature)
- general feeling of being unwell
- difficulty in sleeping (insomnia)
- muscle pain and discomfort
- joint pain
- cough
- irritated or runny nose
- skin rash
- hair loss (alopecia).
Common side effects that might show up in blood tests are:
- a low red blood cell count (anaemia) or low white blood cell count (neutropenia or leucopenia)
- an increase in the level of liver enzymes
- an increased amount in the blood of bilirubin (a substance produced in the liver) which may make your skin appear yellow.
Uncommon side effects
These may affect up to 1 in 100 people:
- feeling breathless
- wind (flatulence)
- itching
- muscle weakness
An uncommon side effect that may show up in blood test is:
- a decrease in the number of cells involved in blood clotting (thrombocytopenia) or in all kinds of blood cells (pancytopenia).
Rare side effects
These may affect up to 1 in 1000 people:
- serious allergic reaction causing swelling of the face, tongue or throat which may cause difficulty in swallowing or breathing
- liver disorders, such as jaundice, enlarged liver or fatty liver, inflammation (hepatitis)
- lactic acidosis (see the next section, ‘Other possible side effects of combination therapy for HIV’)
- inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)
- chest pain; disease of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy)
- fits (convulsions)
- feeling depressed or anxious, not being able to concentrate, feeling drowsy
- indigestion, taste disturbance
- changes in the colour of your nails, your skin or the skin inside your mouth
- a flu-like feeling – chills and sweating
- tingly feelings in the skin (pins and needles)
- sensation of weakness in the limbs
- breakdown of muscle tissue
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- passing urine more often
- enlarged breasts in men
Rare side effects that may show up in blood tests are:
- an increase in an enzyme called amylase
- a failure of the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells (pure red cell aplasia).
Very rare side effects
These may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people:
A very rare side effect that may show up in blood tests is:
- a failure of the bone marrow to produce new red or white blood cells (aplastic anaemia).
Reporting of side effects
If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. This includes any possible side effects
not listed in this leaflet. You can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system listed in
Appendix V. By reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.
Other possible side effects of combination therapy for HIV
Combination therapy such as Lamivudine/Zidovudine Hetero Europe may cause other conditions to develop during HIV treatment.
Old infections may flare up
People with advanced HIV infection (AIDS) have weak immune systems, and are more likely to develop serious infections (opportunistic infections). When these people start treatment, they may find that old, hidden infections flare up, causing signs and symptoms of inflammation. These symptoms are probably caused by the body’s immune system becoming stronger, so that the body starts to fight these infections.
In addition to the opportunistic infections, autoimmune disorders (a condition that occurs when the immune system attacks healthy body tissue) may also occur after you start taking medicines for the treatment of your HIV infection. Autoimmune disorders may occur many months after the start of treatment. If you notice any symptoms of infection or other symptoms such as muscle weakness, weakness beginning in the hands and feet and moving up towards the trunk of the body, palpitations, tremor or hyperactivity, please inform your doctor immediately to seek necessary treatment.
If you get any symptoms of infection while you’re taking Lamivudine/Zidovudine Hetero Europe:
Tell your doctor immediately. Do not take other medicines for the infection without your doctor’s advice.
Your body shape may change
People taking combination therapy for HIV may find that their body shape changes, because of changes in fat distribution:
- fat may be lost from the legs, arms or face
- extra fat may build up around the tummy (abdomen), or on the breasts or internal organs
- fatty lumps (sometimes called buffalo hump) may appear on the back of the neck.
It is not yet known what causes these changes, or whether they have any long-term effects on your health. If you notice changes in your body shape tell your doctor.
Lactic acidosis is a rare but serious side effect
Some people taking Lamivudine/Zidovudine Hetero Europe, or other medicines like it (NRTIs), develop a condition called lactic acidosis, together with an enlarged liver.
Lactic acidosis is caused by a build up of lactic acid in the body. It is rare; if it happens, it usually develops after a few months of treatment. It can be life-threatening, causing failure of internal organs. Lactic acidosis is more likely to develop in people who have liver disease, or in obese (very overweight) people, especially women.
Signs of lactic acidosis include:
- deep, rapid, difficult breathing
- drowsiness
- numbness or weakness in the limbs
- feeling sick (nausea), being sick (vomiting)
- stomach pain.
During your treatment, your doctor will monitor you for signs of lactic acidosis. If you have any of the symptoms listed above or any other symptoms that worry you see your doctor as soon as possible.
You may have problems with your bones
Some people taking combination therapy for HIV develop a condition called osteonecrosis. With this condition, parts of the bone tissue die because of reduced blood supply to the bone. People may be more likely to get this condition:
- if they have been taking combination therapy for a long time
- if they are also taking anti-inflammatory medicines called corticosteroids
- if they drink alcohol
- if their immune systems are very weak
- if they are overweight.
Signs of osteonecrosis include:
- stiffness in the joints
- aches and pains (especially in the hip, knee or shoulder)
- difficulty moving.
If you notice any of these symptoms tell your doctor.
Other effects may show up in blood tests
Combination therapy for HIV can also cause:
- increased levels of lactic acid in the blood, which on rare occasions can lead to lactic acidosis
- increased levels of sugar and fats (triglycerides and cholesterol) in the blood
- resistance to insulin (so if you’re diabetic, you may have to change your insulin dose to control your blood sugar).
