Chlorhexidine

Chlorhexidine is a disinfectant and antiseptic used for skin disinfection before surgery and for sterilization of surgical instruments. It can be used to disinfect both the patient's skin and the hands of medical personnel. It is also used to clean wounds, prevent dental plaque, treat yeast infections in the mouth, and prevent blockage of urinary catheters. It is most commonly used as a liquid, and less commonly as a powder. Chlorhexidine is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, but it is ineffective against bacterial spores.

Pharmacodynamics

The broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine is due to its ability to disrupt microbial cell membranes. The positively charged chlorhexidine molecule reacts with negatively charged phosphate groups on microbial cell surfaces and in the cell membrane. This reaction destroys the integrity of the cell wall, causing the cytosol (cell contents) to leak out. In addition, chlorhexidine also penetrates the cell itself, leading to precipitation of cytoplasmic components (enzymes and other proteins) and ultimately cell death.

Pharmacokinetics

Chlorhexidine is applied only topically (superficially) and in the oral cavity. Normally, it does not pass the skin barrier, which is why there are no data on the absorption and metabolism of this substance. When applied in the mouth, minimal systemic absorption may occur, but this does not show any effects.

Side effects

Side effects may include skin irritation, tooth discoloration, and allergic reactions. Direct contact may cause eye problems.

Use during pregnancy does not pose a risk.

Toxicological data

LD50 (rat, i.v.): 21 mg-kg-1