Iron(II) sulfate

Iron(II) sulfate is the divalent iron salt of sulfuric acid. The hydrated form is used in medicine for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, but also in industry. Iron (II) sulfate can be given in the form of tablets or capsules.

It is on the list of essential medicines of the World Health Organization.

Pharmacodynamics

Iron is necessary for maintaining optimal health, especially for the formation of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. An iron deficiency means that the body cannot produce enough healthy red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia occurs when the body's iron stores fall to too low a level and the stored iron is insufficient to support normal red blood cell production. Insufficient iron in the diet, impaired iron absorption, bleeding, pregnancy, or iron loss through the urine can lead to iron deficiency. Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, dizziness and headaches. Taking iron in the form of dietary supplements, such as ferrous sulfate, allows iron levels to rise more rapidly when dietary intake and iron stores are inadequate.

Pharmacokinetics

Orally administered iron has widely varying bioavailability depending on circumstances, including the valence of the iron (Fe2+ or Fe3+), dietary intake, and degree of iron deficiency. Bivalent iron is more soluble and therefore usually has a higher bioavailability than trivalent iron (Fe3+). Absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine, particularly in the duodenum and proximal jejunum. Approximately 60% of the iron is absorbed into the erythrocytes. The rest of the iron is found in muscle tissue (as part of myoglobin) and in a variety of different enzymes, as well as in its storage form, ferritin.

Side effects

• Darkening of the stools
• Abdominal pain
• Heartburn
• Nausea
• Constipation
• Flatulence
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

Contraindications and precautions

Iron-containing products carry a risk of overdose, especially in children. Iron in excessive amounts is toxic to the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system. Possible symptoms following excessive iron intake include nausea, bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and black/tear stools. Symptoms of overdose in the more advanced stages include bluish lips, fingernails and palms, drowsiness, tachycardia, seizures, metabolic acidosis, liver damage and cardiovascular dysfunction. If these symptoms occur, a physician must be contacted immediately.